Autistic burnout is a pervasive, chronic state of exhaustion and diminished functioning, gaining recognition as a distinct syndrome in autism research (Arnold et al., 2023; Jahandideh et al., 2025). It arises from ongoing life stress, inadequate supports, and persistent pressures to navigate environments that fail to meet autistic needs. Unlike occupational burnout or depression, autistic burnout has unique features shaped by both social and sensory demands.
Definition and Conceptualisation
Autistic burnout is best conceptualised as a syndrome of long-term exhaustion, Temporary difficulty accessing skills, reduced tolerance to sensory and cognitive stimuli, and an intensification of autistic characteristics (Arnold et al., 2023; Higgins et al., 2021; Jahandideh et al., 2025). Both the lived experience and research literature agree that burnout is not a brief or transient episode. Autistic burnout is not merely a single event; it is often chronic or recurrent. Many autistic adults report first experiencing burnout as teenagers, with subsequent episodes compounding negative effects and making recovery progressively more challenging (Jahandideh et al., 2025).
Core Symptoms
Both the “internal” perspective (lived experience, first-person narratives) and the “external” perspective (research and clinical observation) consistently highlight exhaustion, skill loss, and social withdrawal as central themes (Jahandideh et al., 2025).
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Chronic Exhaustion:
A profound and persistent depletion of energy, and as such, reduced motivation. This exhaustion goes beyond ordinary tiredness and is rated the most central experience across empirical studies (Arnold et al., 2023; Higgins et al., 2021).
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Temporary difficulty accessing skills (e.g., speech, daily tasks):
Temporary reduction in the ability to access established skills (such as speech or daily living activities), usually reversible with adequate rest and support. This reflects a shutdown response to overwhelming stress, not a permanent loss or developmental regression.
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Reduced Tolerance to Stimuli:
Heightened sensitivity to noise, light, or unexpected changes; it can feel like a fundamental change in sensory processing, not just a reduced tolerance (Clarey et al, 2025).
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Emotional Dysregulation:
Heightened anxiety, irritability, emotional shutdowns, or overwhelm, often triggered by minor events (Arnold et al., 2023).
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Social Withdrawal:
Involuntary retreat from interaction, sometimes described as “hibernation”; withdrawal can result in forced job loss or social isolation (Arnold et al., 2023; Clarey et al., 2025; Jahandideh et al., 2025).
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Executive Functioning Challenges:
Pronounced difficulties in planning, memory, organisation, and problem-solving; this might feel like a profound cognitive fatigue, a sense of brain fog (Phung et al., 2021; Jahandideh et al., 2025).
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Physical Ailments
Symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress, skin conditions, or generalised pain have been reported by some experiencing autistic burnout (Clarey et al., 2025).
Misdiagnosis and Overlap with Other Conditions
A recurring issue in the literature is the misdiagnosis of autistic burnout, most commonly as depression, but also as anxiety, bipolar disorder, chronic fatigue, and personality disorders (Arnold et al., 2023; Jahandideh et al., 2025). The overlap in some symptoms (e.g., exhaustion, withdrawal) can obscure accurate identification and delay appropriate support.
Diagnostic overshadowing, where symptoms of burnout are misattributed to co-occurring mental health conditions (such as depression or anxiety), remains a significant barrier to appropriate recognition and support.
Causes of Autistic Burnout
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Lack of Autism Awareness and Accommodations:
Burnout is more likely in environments where needs are not recognised or accommodated (Arnold et al., 2023).
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Chronic Camouflaging/Masking:
Masking is strongly linked to burnout, but unmasking in unsupportive environments may also lead to exclusion or bullying (Mantzalas et al., 2022). This creates a situation where either path increases risk: “damned if you do, damned if you don’t.”"Masking is a skill but can feel like a curse. We need to remind ourselves to unmask, otherwise we risk burning out. And we deserve better." (Jahandideh et al., 2025).
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Demands Exceeding Coping Resources:
Excessive demands at work, school, or home, especially without adequate support, contribute directly to burnout (Arnold et al., 2023).
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Negative Judgement and Social Isolation:
Experiences of rejection, exclusion, and being perceived as defective increase stress and risk of burnout (Arnold et al., 2023; Jahandideh et al., 2025).
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Cumulative Life Stress and Self-Doubt:
Burnout often develops in the context of prolonged, unresolved stress and a mismatch between demands and available coping mechanisms.
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Life Transitions:
Major changes such as finishing school, starting a new job, or relationship loss frequently trigger episodes of burnout (Arnold et al., 2023; Higgins et al., 2021).
While understanding these causes is crucial for prevention, it's important to recognize that for someone in the midst of burnout, the immediate focus is often on surviving the present moment. Research on online discussions shows that autistic people tend to prioritise sharing their immediate experiences and seeking recovery strategies over analysing what led them to that point (Clarey et al, 2025). These factors can be further compounded by specific life roles, such as parenthood, which adds unique layers of pressure and expectation, a topic we will explore in a future article.
A Story of Burnout: From Corporate Hopeful to Crash and Burn
In a personal account, Malorie Joy Feidner details starting her first full-time job at a prestigious firm. Despite being a confident college graduate, she found herself withdrawn, barely eating or sleeping, and crying on her daily commute within three weeks. The immense effort of masking, constantly calculating the right words, gestures, and tone to fit in, left her "utterly drained" with no mental energy left for her work. This, combined with the sensory stress of a noisy open-office, uncomfortable clothing, and a difficult commute, led to her first experience of autistic burnout, years before she would receive her diagnosis. Her story is a powerful illustration of how a mismatch between an autistic individual and their environment can quickly lead to burnout.
Impact on Daily Life
Burnout profoundly impacts a person's ability to live independently and manage daily life. Studies note "difficulties doing my usual work as well as I typically do," loss of daily living skills, and compromised quality of life (Arnold et al., 2023; Jahandideh et al., 2025).
The consequences of autistic burnout can extend far beyond the episode itself, creating a 'ripple effect' that alters a person's life path. Many adults feel that burnout, especially when first experienced in adolescence, limited their educational and employment opportunities, leading to what some describe as a 'life unlived' and a failure to reach their full potential.
The Importance of Recognition
Increasing awareness of autistic burnout among clinicians, educators, and families is critical for prevention and early intervention. Misidentification can result in inappropriate treatment, including therapies that do not address the underlying causes of burnout, and may delay recovery.
Autistic burnout is an under-recognised, chronic syndrome of exhaustion, loss of skills, sensory and cognitive overwhelm, and increased autistic traits. It is most often triggered by cumulative life stress and a lack of adequate support, particularly in those who engage in chronic camouflaging or masking. Awareness of the distinct characteristics and risk factors is essential to prevent misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate support and recovery.
While devastating, for some adults, the experience of burnout can paradoxically be a 'blessing in disguise'. It can be the catalyst that leads to a life-changing autism diagnosis, which brings understanding, improved self-awareness, and connection with the autistic community (Mantzalas et al., 2022). Ongoing research is essential to deepen our understanding of autistic burnout, improve diagnostic accuracy, and guide the development of neuroaffirming support strategies for autistic adults.
Where to from here?
On the 22nd of August, 2025, we will present our Event, Autistic Burnout.
What you will gain from the course:
- Identify the potential causes of Autistic Burnout
- Recognise the signs of Autistic burnout and appropriate assessment instruments
- Compare the similarities and differences between burnout and depression
- Be up-to-date with the latest relevant research and conceptual models
- Know the strategies for ending Autistic burnout, encouraging recovery and preventing relapse
References
Arnold, S. R. C., Higgins, J. M., Weise, J., Desai, A., Pellicano, E., & Trollor, J. N. (2023). Towards the measurement of autistic burnout. Autism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221147401
Jahandideh, K. et al. (2025). Low Battery Alarm: A Scoping Review of Autistic Burnout. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.
Clarey MM, Abel S, Ireland MJ, Brownlow C. Autistic Burnout on Reddit: A Sisyphean Struggle with Daily Tasks. J Autism Dev Disord. 2025 Feb 22. doi: 10.1007/s10803-025-06765-4.
Mantzalas J, Richdale AL, Adikari A, Lowe J, Dissanayake C. What Is Autistic Burnout? A Thematic Analysis of Posts on Two Online Platforms. Autism Adulthood. 2022 Mar 1;4(1):52-65. doi: 10.1089/aut.2021.0021.
Raymaker DM, Teo AR, Steckler NA, Lentz B, Scharer M, Delos Santos A, Kapp SK, Hunter M, Joyce A, Nicolaidis C. "Having All of Your Internal Resources Exhausted Beyond Measure and Being Left with No Clean-Up Crew": Defining Autistic Burnout. Autism Adulthood. 2020 Jun 1;2(2):132-143. doi: 10.1089/aut.2019.0079.
Feidner MJ. Burning Bridges and Building New Ones: A Story of Autistic Burnout in the Workplace. Autism Adulthood. 2024 Jun 17;6(2):117-118. doi: 10.1089/aut.2023.0087.
Higgins JM, Arnold SR, Weise J, Pellicano E, Trollor JN. Defining autistic burnout through experts by lived experience: Grounded Delphi method investigating #AutisticBurnout. Autism. 2021 Nov;25(8):2356-2369. doi: 10.1177/13623613211019858.
